사이트 전체 5% 할인 | 결제 시 KMKR5 코드를 사용하세요.
- Choose your Country
사이트 전체 5% 할인 | 결제 시 KMKR5 코드를 사용하세요.
로맨티시즘
Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.
The movement stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and awe-especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. It elevated folk art and custom to something noble, and argued for a “natural” epistemology of human activities as conditioned by nature in the form of language, custom and usage.
Our modern sense of a romantic character is sometimes based on Byronic or Romantic ideals. Romanticism reached beyond the rational and Classicist ideal models to elevate medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval, in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl and industrialism, and it also attempted to embrace the exotic, unfamiliar and distant in modes more authentic than chinoiserie, harnessing the power of the imagination to envision and to escape.
Although the movement is rooted in German Pietism, which prized intuition and emotion over Enlightenment rationalism, the ideologies and events of the French Revolution laid the background from which Romanticism emerged. The confines of the Industrial Revolution also had their influence on Romanticism, which was in part an escape from modern realities, indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, “Realism” was offered as a polarized opposite to Romanticism. Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as misunderstood heroic individuals and artists that altered society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority which permitted freedom from Classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas.
In a basic sense, the term “Romanticism” has been used to refer to certain artists, poets, writers, musicians, as well as political, philosophical and social thinkers of the late 18th and early to mid 19th centuries. It has equally been used to refer to various artistic, intellectual, and social trends of that era. Despite this general usage of the term, a precise characterization and specific definition of Romanticism have been the subject of debate in the fields of intellectual history and literary history throughout the twentieth century, without any great measure of consensus emerging. Arthur Lovejoy attempted to demonstrate the difficulty of this problem in his seminal article “On The Discrimination of Romanticisms” in his Essays in the History of Ideas (1948), some scholars see romanticism as essentially continuous with the present, some see in it the inaugural moment of modernity, some see it as the beginning of a tradition of resistance to the Enlightenment-a Counter-Enlightenment-and still others place it firmly in the direct aftermath of the French Revolution. An earlier definition comes from Charles Baudelaire: “Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth, but in the way of feeling.”
Many intellectual historians have seen Romanticism as a key movement in the Counter-Enlightenment, a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment. Whereas the thinkers of the Enlightenment emphasized the primacy of deductive reason, Romanticism emphasized intuition, imagination, and feeling, to a point that has led to some Romantic thinkers being accused of irrationalism.
In visual art and literature, Romanticism found recurrent themes in the evocation or criticism of the past, the cult of “sensibility” with its emphasis on women and children, the heroic isolation of the artist or narrator, and respect for a new, wilder, untrammeled and “pure” nature. Furthermore, several romantic authors, such as Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne, based their writings on the supernatural/occult and human psychology.
The Scottish poet James Macpherson influenced the early development of Romanticism with the international success of his Ossian cycle of poems published in 1762, inspiring both Goethe and the young Walter Scott.
An early German influence came from Johann Wolfgang Goethe whose 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther had young men throughout Europe emulating its protagonist, a young artist with a very sensitive and passionate temperament. At that time Germany was a multitude of small separate states, and Goethe’s works would have a seminal influence in developing a unifying sense of nationalism. Another philosophic influence came from the German idealism of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schelling, making Jena (where Fichte lived, as well as Schelling,Hegel, Schiller and the brothers Schlegel) a center for early German romanticism (“Jenaer Romantik”). Important writers were Ludwig Tieck, Novalis (Heinrich von Ofterdingen, 1799), Heinrich von Kleist and Friedrich Hoelderlin. Heidelberg later became a center of German romanticism, where writers and poets such as Clemens Brentano, Achim von Arnim, and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff met regularly in literary circles. Important motifs in German Romanticism are travelling, nature, and ancient myths. The later German Romanticism of, for example, E. T. A. Hoffmann’s Der Sandmann (The Sandman), 1817, and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff’s Das Marmorbild (The Marble Statue), 1819, was darker in its motifs and has gothic elements.
In predominantly Roman Catholic countries Romanticism was less pronounced than in Germany and Britain, and tended to develop later, after the rise of Napoleon. Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand is often called the “Father of French Romanticism”. In France, the movement is associated with the nineteenth century, particularly in the paintings of Theodore Gericault and Eugene Delacroix, the plays, poems and novels of Victor Hugo (such as Les Miserables and Ninety-Three), and the novels of Stendhal.
In Russia, the principal exponent of Romanticism is Alexander Pushkin. Mikhail Lermontov attempted to analyse and bring to light the deepest reasons for the Romantic idea of metaphysical discontent with society and self, and was much influenced by Lord Byron. The poet Fyodor Tyutchev was also an important figure of the movement in Russia, and was heavily influenced by the German Romantics.
In the United States, romantic gothic literature made an early appearance with Washington Irving’s The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) and Rip Van Winkle (1819), followed from 1823 onwards by the Leatherstocking Tales of James Fenimore Cooper, with their emphasis on heroic simplicity and their fervent landscape descriptions of an already-exotic mythicized frontier peopled by “noble savages”, similar to the philosophical theory of Rousseau, exemplified by Uncas, from The Last of the Mohicans. There are picturesque “local color” elements in Washington Irving’s essays and especially his travel books. Edgar Allan Poe’s tales of the macabre and his balladic poetry were more influential in France than at home, but the romantic American novel developed fully in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s atmosphere and melodrama. Later Transcendentalist writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson still show elements of its influence and imagination, as does the romantic Realism of Walt Whitman.
But by the 1880s, psychological and social Realism was competing with romanticism in the novel. The poetry of Emily Dickinson-nearly unread in her own time-and Herman Melville’s novel Moby-Dick can be taken as epitomes of American Romantic literature. As in England, Germany, and France, literary Romanticism had its counterpart in American visual arts, most especially in the exaltation of untamed America found in the paintings of the Hudson River School. Painters like Thomas Cole, Albert Bierstadt and Frederic Edwin Church and others often combined a sense of the sublime with underlying religious and philosophical themes. Thomas Cole’s paintings feature strong narratives as in The Voyage of Life series painted in the early 1840s that depict man trying to survive amidst an awesome and immense nature, from the cradle to the grave.
Read more1–100/1752개 결과 표시
Belshazzar’s Feast
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩402,469Liberty Leading the People 1830
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩356,169The Clothed Maja
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩377,589The Fighting Temeraire
크기 시작 ₩297,509The Ninth Wave 1850
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩385,949The Tortoise Trainer
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩350,629The White Horse 1819
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩303,049Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 1818
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩282,599Christ on the Sea of Galilee 1854
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩362,639Koranic Instruction
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩289,419Monk by the Sea
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩325,509The Hay Wain 1800
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩303,049The Nude Maja
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩374,199The Plains of Heaven
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩412,739The Rainbow 1873
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩346,269Venice- The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore, 1834
크기 시작 ₩297,509A Jewish Wedding in Morocco
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩371,619Fishermen at Sea 1796
크기 시작 ₩297,509Islamic Theologian With Quran 1902
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩272,359Stratford Mill
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩299,649The Last Judgement
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩441,909The Second of May 1808 or The Charge of the Mamelukes 1814
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩373,229View of Tiflis, 1868
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩331,099Winter landscape 1811
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩296,239Fanatics of Tangier
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩371,619Great Day of His Wrath
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩407,609Moonrise over the Sea 1822
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩286,009On May 3 in Madrid or “The executions” 1814
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩373,229The Black Sea 1881
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩358,549The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons
크기 시작 ₩267,649Two Musician Girls
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩303,049View on the Stour near Dedham 1822
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩306,459Charles IV of Spain and His Family 1800
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩351,009Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩371,619The Leaping Horse 1825
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩289,419The Murder of the Bishop of Liège, 1829
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩373,229The Slave Ship 1840
크기 시작 ₩289,419The wave 1889
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩404,179Two Men Contemplating the Moon
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩279,189Young Woman Reading
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩282,599Descent of Noah from Ararat
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩404,179Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows 1831
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩279,189Saturn Devouring His Son
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩343,849The Cross in the Mountains
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩251,839The Death of Sardanapalus 1844
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩367,939The Grand Canal – Venice 1835
크기 시작 ₩289,419The Scholar
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩380,969The Seventh Plague
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩410,249Chalk Cliffs at Ruegen
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩279,189Dido building Carthage 1815
크기 시작 ₩315,019Flatford Mill (‘Scene on a Navigable River’)
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩283,479Persian Carpet Dealer On the Street
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩486,839Scenes From the Massacre at Chios
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩340,699Ship in the stormy sea
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩349,409The Deluge
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩407,609The Duchess of Alba, 1797
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩299,649An Arab Reading
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩289,419Combat of the Giaour and Hassan 1835
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩345,859Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩431,369Storm at Cape Aya 1875
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩383,859Sunken dog
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩294,919The Lock
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩268,939The Shipwreck 1805
크기 시작 ₩308,019Woman at a Window 1822
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩299,649Abbey among Oak Trees
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩316,669In Front of the Green Mosque
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩347,239Peace – Burial at Sea 1842
크기 시작 ₩251,839Sodom and Gomorrah
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩412,739Storm on the Black Sea
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩376,819The Parasol 1777
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩331,949The Spring – Eurydice Bitten by a Serpent While Picking Flowers (Eurydice’s Death)
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩345,859Wivenhoe Park, Essex 1816
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩350,629Battle of Dunsinane or Macbeth
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩394,399Children with hunting dogs 1786
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩286,009Death on a pale horse 1825
크기 시작 ₩255,269Old Man in Front of the Graves of Children, 1903
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩289,419Storm over the Black Sea 1893
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩390,509The Opening of Waterloo Bridge, Seen from Whitehall Stairs, London, 18 June 1817
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩306,459The Summer – Diana Surprised by Actaeon
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩345,859Walk at Dusk-Man Contemplating a Megalith
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩286,009Blind man 1788
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩356,169Destruction of Tyre
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩366,469Portrait of Naile Hanım
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩308,139Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway 1844
크기 시작 ₩260,929Stormy Sea
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩385,949The Arctic Ocean
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩293,999The Autumn – Bacchus and Ariadne
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩345,859The Wheat Field 1816
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩308,019Blind man 1788 1
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩330,829Malvern Hall 1821
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩303,049Norham Castle, Sunrise 1845
크기 시작 ₩263,759Pandemonium
으로 존 마틴크기 시작 ₩415,529Reciting the Quran
으로 오스만 함디 베이크기 시작 ₩292,829Stormy Sea 1
으로 이반 아이바조프스키크기 시작 ₩376,819The life stages 1834
으로 카스파르 다비트 프리드리히크기 시작 ₩290,489The Winter – Juno Beseeches Aeolus To Destroy Eneas’ Fleet
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩345,859A Picnic
으로 프란시스코 고야크기 시작 ₩417,879Malvern Hall, Warwickshire
으로 존 콘스터블크기 시작 ₩306,459Norham Castle- Sunrise
크기 시작 ₩276,389Ovid Among the Scythians 1959
으로 오진 들라크와크기 시작 ₩397,329