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Gustav Klimt
Gustav Klimt was born in Baumgarten, near Vienna, the second of seven children – three boys and four girls. All three sons displayed artistic talent early on. His father, Ernst Klimt, formerly from Bohemia, was a gold engraver. Ernst Klimt married Anna Klimt (née Finster), whose unrealized ambition was to be a musical performer. Klimt lived in poverty for most of his childhood, as work was scarce and the economy difficult for immigrants.
In 1876, Klimt was enrolled in the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (Kunstgewerbeschule), where he studied until 1883, and received training as an architectural painter. He revered the foremost history painter of the time, Hans Makart. Unlike many young artists, Klimt accepted the principles of conservative Academic training. In 1877 his brother Ernst Klimt, who, like his father, would become an engraver, also enrolled in the school. The two brothers and their friend Franz Matsch began working together, by 1880 they had received numerous commissions as a team they called the «Company of Artists». Klimt began his professional career painting interior murals and ceilings in large public buildings on the Ringstraße including a successful series of «Allegories and Emblems».
In 1888, Klimt received the Golden order of Merit from Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria for his contributions to art. He also became an honorary member of the University of Munich and the University of Vienna. In 1892 both Klimt’s father and brother Ernst Klimt died, and he had to assume financial responsibility for his father’s and brother’s family. The tragedies affected his artistic vision as well, and soon he would veer toward a new personal style. In the early 1890s, Klimt met Emilie Floge, who, notwithstanding the artist’s relationships with other women, was to be his companion until the end of his life. Whether his relationship with Emilie Floge was sexual or not is debated, but during that period Klimt fathered at least 14 children.
Klimt became one of the founding members and president of the Wiener Sezession (Vienna Secession) in 1897 and of the group’s periodical Ver Sacrum (Sacred Spring). He remained with the Secession until 1908. The group’s goals were to provide exhibitions for unconventional young artists, to bring the best foreign artists works to Vienna, and to publish its own magazine to showcase members’ work.The group declared no manifesto and did not set out to encourage any particular style – Naturalists, Realists, and Symbolists all coexisted. The government supported their efforts and gave them a lease on public land to erect an exhibition hall. The group’s symbol was Pallas Athena, the Greek goddess of just causes, wisdom, and the arts – and Klimt painted his radical version in 1898.
Beginning in the late 1890s Klimt took annual summer holidays with the Emilie Floge family on the shores of Attersee and painted many of his landscapes there. These works constitute the only genre aside from the figure that seriously interested Klimt, and are of a number and quality so as to merit a separate appreciation. Formally, the landscapes are characterized by the same refinement of design and emphatic patterning as the figural pieces. Deep space in the Attersee works is so efficiently flattened to a single plane, it is believed that Klimt painted them while looking through a telescope.
In 1894, Klimt was commissioned to create three paintings to decorate the ceiling of the Great Hall in the University of Vienna. Not completed until the turn of the century, his three paintings, Philosophy, Medicine and Jurisprudence were criticized for their radical themes and material, which was called «pornographic». Klimt had transformed traditional allegory and simbolism into a new language which was more overtly sexual, and hence more disturbing. The public outcry came from all quarters – political, aesthetic, and religious. As a result, they were not displayed on the ceiling of the Great Hall. This would be the last public commission accepted by the artist. All three paintings were destroyed by retreating SS forces in May 1945. His Nuda Verita (1899) defined his bid to further shake up the establishment. The starkly naked red-headed woman holds the mirror of truth, while above it is a quote by Schiller in stylized lettering, «If you cannot please everyone with your deeds and your art, please a few. To please many is bad.»
In 1902, Klimt finished the Beethoven Frieze for the 14th Vienna Secessionist exhibition, which was intended to be a celebration of the composer and featured a monumental, polychromed sculpture by Max Klinger. Meant for the exhibition only, the frieze was painted directly on the walls with light materials. After the exhibition the painting was preserved, although it did not go on display until 1986.
Klimt’s ‘Golden Phase’ was marked by positive critical reaction and success. Many of his paintings from this period utilized gold leaf, the prominent use of gold can first be traced back to Pallas Athena (1898) and Judith I (1901), although the works most popularly associated with this period are the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I (1907) and The Kiss (1907 – 1908). Klimt traveled little but trips to Venice and Ravenna, both famous for their beautiful mosaics, most likely inspired his gold technique and his Byzantine imagery. In 1904, he collaborated with other artists on the lavish Palais Stoclet, the home of a wealthy Belgian industrialist, which was one of the grandest monuments of the Art Nouveau age. Klimt’s contributions to the dining room, including both Fulfillment and Expectation, were some of his finest decorative work, and as he publicly stated, «probably the ultimate stage of my development of ornament.» Between 1907 and 1909, Klimt painted five canvases of society women wrapped in fur. His apparent love of costume is expressed in the many photographs of Emilie Floge modeling clothing she designed.
As he worked and relaxed in his home, Klimt normally wore sandals and a long robe with no undergarments. His simple life was somewhat cloistered, devoted to his art and family and little else except the Secessionist Movement, and he avoided cafe society and other artists socially. Klimt’s fame usually brought patrons to his door, and he could afford to be highly selective. His painting method was very deliberate and painstaking at times and he required lengthy sittings by his subjects. Though very active sexually, he kept his affairs discreet and he avoided personal scandal. Like Rodin, Klimt also utilized mythology and allegory to thinly disguise his highly erotic nature, and his drawings often reveal purely sexual interest in women as objects. His models were routinely available to him to pose in any erotic manner that pleased him. Many of the models were prostitutes as well.
Klimt wrote little about his vision or his methods. He wrote mostly postcards to Emilie Floge and kept no diary. In a rare writing called «Commentary on a non-existent self-portrait», he states «I have never painted a self-portrait. I am less interested in myself as a subject for a painting than I am in other people, above all women…There is nothing special about me. I am a painter who paints day after day from morning to night…Who ever wants to know something about me… ought to look carefully at my pictures.»
In 1911 his painting Death and Life received first prize in the world exhibitions in Rome. In 1915 his mother Anna died. Klimt died three years later in Vienna on February 6, 1918, having suffered a stroke and pneumonia. He was interred at the Hietzing Cemetery in Vienna. Numerous paintings were left unfinished.
Klimt’s paintings have brought some of the highest prices recorded for individual works of art. In November 2003, Klimt’s Landhaus am Attersee sold for $29,128,000, but that was soon eclipsed by prices paid for other Klimts. In 2006 the artist’s Apple Tree I (ca. 1912) sold for $33 million and Birch Forest (1903) sold for $40.3 million. Both works had been recently restituted to the heirs of Adele Bloch-Bauer.
Purchased for the Neue Galerie in New York by Ronald Lauder for a reported US $135 million, the 1907 portrait Adele Bloch-Bauer I deposed Picasso’s 1905 Boy With a Pipe (sold May 5, 2004 for $104 million) as the highest reported price ever paid for a piece of art sold at a public auction, on or around June 19, 2006. This is one of the five paintings referred to below in the Legacy section and an NPR report. On August 7, 2006, Christie’s auction house announced it was handling the sale of the remaining works by Klimt that were recovered by the Bloch-Bauer heirs after a long legal battle. They auctioned Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II in November 2006 for $88 million, the third-highest priced piece of art at auction at the time. Collectively the five restituted paintings, including aforementioned landscapes, netted over $327 million.
Klimt’s work is distinguished by the elegant gold or coloured decoration, often of a phallic shape that conceals the more erotic positions of the drawings upon which many of his paintings are based. This can be seen in Judith I (1901), and in The Kiss (1907-1908), and especially in Danae (1907). One of the most common themes Klimt utilized was that of the dominant woman, the femme fatale. Art historians note an eclectic range of influences contributing to Klimt’s distinct style, including Egyptian, Minoan, Classical Greek, and Byzantine inspirations. Klimt was also inspired by the engravings of Judith I (1901) Albrecht Durer, late medieval European painting, and Japanese Rimpa school. His mature works are characterized by a rejection of earlier naturalistic styles, and make use of symbols or symbolic elements to convey psychological ideas and emphasize the «freedom» of art from traditional culture.
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The Kiss
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509Adele Bloch-Bauer I
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509Hope II
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509Watersnakes II (Girlfriends)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.399Girlfriends (Water Snakes I)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr4.199Danae
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.609Goldfish
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr4.389Hope I
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr4.479Baby (Cradle)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509The Three Ages of Woman
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509The Virgin
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.569Death and Life
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.729Woman With Fan
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509Portrait of Fritza Riedler
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.669Portrait of Eugenia (Mada) Primavesi
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.309Portrait-of-Adele-Bloch-Bauer-II
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.159Judith I
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.589Judith II
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr5.789Mäda-Primavesi
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.909Girl With Blue Veil
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.789Girlfriends
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509The Dancer (Vorher Ria Munk II)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.499Friederike Maria Beer
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.849Portrait of Baroness Elisabeth Bachofen
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.939Amalie Zuckerkandl
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.579Johanna Perennial
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.939Portrait of a Lady Original
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.939Portrait of a Lady
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.789Lady With the Muff
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.539Lady in White
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.539Portrait of Helen Klimt 1893
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.129Dame Mit Hut Und Federbos
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.729Hygieia
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.999Medicine Lost Painting
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.969Pallas Athene 1898
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.579Nuda Veritas
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr6.499Adam and Eve
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr4.449Will O’ the Wisp
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.669Bewegte Wasser
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.879Mutter Mit Zwei Kindern (Familie)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509Woman in An Armchair
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.539Portrait of Emilie Floge 1902
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.929Portrait of Rose Von Rosthorn Friedmann
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.369Margaret Stonborough Wittgenstein
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.589Portrait Marie Henneberg
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509Portrait of Hermine Gallia (1904)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.369Sonja Knips
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.509Portrait of Gertrud Loew
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr5.239Portrait of a Woman
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.989Girl’s Head Turned Left
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.999Young Girl Seated
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.069Girl in the Foliage
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.849Ria Munk On Her Deathbed
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.579The Bride (Unfinished)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.699Portrait of Ria Munk III
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.559Ode To Klimt
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.879Nixen
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.159Music
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.849The Stoclet Frieze Tree of Life
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.279The Lovers (Stoclet House)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.189Beethoven Frieze «The Enemy Powers» (Plate 2)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr4.779Beethoven Frieze «The Arts» «Paradise Choir» and «Embrace» (Plate 8
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.859Beethoven Frieze «The Sufferings of Weak Humanity» and «The Well Armed Strong» (Plate 3)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.819Two Girls With Oleander
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr3.989Attersee
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Island in the Attersee
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Flower Garden
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Farm Garden With Sunflowers
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429The Sunflower
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.459Blooming Poppy
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.459Farm Garden With Crucifix
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Fruit Garden With Roses
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.489Garden With Roosters
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429A Garden in Italy 1913
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.489Apple Tree
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.489Apple Tree
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.629Rosebushes Under the Trees
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429The Pear Tree
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Fruit Trees
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Park of Schonbrunn
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Farmhouse With Birch Trees Young Birch Trees
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Lakeshore With Birches
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Avenue in the Park in Front of Schloss Kammer
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429The Park
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Forester’s Lodge in Weissenbach I
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429The House of Guardaboschi
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.459Farmhouse in Buchberg (Upper Austrian Farmhouse)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429The Large Poplar II (Gathering Storm)
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.489Malcesine On Lake Garda
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.489Water Castle (Kammer Chateau Near Attersee I) 1908
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Church in Unterach On the Attersee
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.489Houses at Unterach On the Attersee
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Kirche in Cassone
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Schloss Kammer Am Attersee II
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.489Litzlbergerkeller Am Attersee 1915
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Schloss Kammer On the Attersee Iv
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Schloss Kammer Am Attersee III
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Litzlberg Am Attersee
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Farmhouse in Kammer Am Attersee 1901
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429Forest Slope in Unterach Am Attersee
By Gustav KlimtSizes starting at kr2.429