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Realism
Realism in the visual arts is a style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see. The term is used in different senses in art history, it may mean the same as illusionism, the representation of subjects with visual mimesis or verisimilitude, or may mean an emphasis on the actuality of subjects, depicting them without idealization, and not omitting their sordid aspects. Works may be realist in either of these senses, or both. Use of the two senses can be confusing, but depending on context the second sense is perhaps more common.
Realism as a tendency in 19th century art was related to similar movements in the theatre, literature and opera. All emphasized the depiction of everyday subjects, but by no means always discarding classical, Romantic or sentimental approaches to their treatment. The movement began in the 1850s in France. One of Gustave Courbet’s most important works is A Burial at Ornans, 1849-1850, a canvas recording an event which he witnessed in September 1848. Courbet’s painting of the funeral of his grand uncle became the first grand statement of the Realist style.
Realism in the illusionistic sense appears in art as early as 2400 BC in the city of Lothal in what is now India, and examples can be found throughout the history of art – Ancient Egyptian art had rigid and artificial conventions for the depiction of the human figure, but minor figures and animals are often very well-observed, and lifelike. In the broadest sense, realism in a work of art exists wherever something has been well observed and accurately depicted, even if the work as a whole does not strictly conform to the conditions of realism.
The art of ancient Greece made particular progress in developing realistic depictions of both the human figure and its surroundings, in sculpture and painting. In the Late Antique period realism largely ceased to be a priority for artists, and the recovery of the realist tradition is a constant strand in the history of Western medieval art.
For example, the proto-Renaissance painter Giotto di Bondone brought a new realism to the art of painting by rendering physical space and volume far more convincingly than his Gothic predecessors. His paintings, like theirs, represented biblical scenes and the lives of the saints. In the Early Renaissance, the development of a system of linear perspective in Italy, and the inclusion of naturalistic detail in Early Netherlandish painting both contributed to the advance of realism in Western painting in different ways.
In the late 16th century, the prevailing mode in European art was Mannerism, an artificial art of elongated figures in graceful but unlikely poses. Caravaggio emerged to change the direction of art by depicting religious figures as the Italian poor in their natural surroundings, though composed with Baroque energy.
A fondness for humble subjects and homely details characterizes much of Dutch art, and Rembrandt is an outstanding realist in the naturalist sense with his renunciation of the ideal and his embrace of the life around him. In the 19th century a group of French landscape artists known as the Barbizon School emphasized close observation of nature, paving the way for the Impressionists.
In England the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood rejected what they saw as the formulaic idealism of the followers of Raphael, which led some of them to an art of intense illusionistic, and sometimes naturalistic, realism. The final years and aftermath of the First World War saw a return of realism and of styles dating back to before Post-Impressionism, in the so-called «Return to Order» – this became known as «Neo-Realism» or «Modern Realism» in England (led by Meredith Frampton, Charles Ginner, Harold Gilman and the Euston Road School), traditionisme in France (led by Andre Derain) and «Neue Sachlichkeit» (led by Otto Dix and Christian Schad) and «Magic Realism» in Germany.
Trompe l’oeil (literally, «fool the eye»), a technique which creates the illusion that the objects depicted actually exist, is an extreme example of artistic realism. Examples of this tendency can be found in art from antiquity to the present day
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A Burial at Ornans
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr4.709A stream through the valley, deer in the distance 1905
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.079Breezing Up (A Fair Wind)
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.719Chop Suey
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.629Danseuse Au Repos 1879
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.779Gleaners 1857
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr3.349In A Roman Osteria
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.459The Heart’s Awakening 1982
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.559A tranquil forest lake 1904
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.969East Wind Over Weehawken 1934
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr3.339Samson And The Philistines
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.349Snap the Whip 1872
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr4.139Songs of Spring 1889
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.599The Angelus
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr3.239The Bathers 1853
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.699Trois Danseuses
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.939A summer day in the forest with deer in the background 1908
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.999Ballet, 1876
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.179Christ The Consolator
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.589Cliffs of Gréville
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.719Dream of Spring 1901
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.779Hotel-Window
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.829The Meeting Or «Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet» 1854
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr3.109The Veteran in a New Field 1865
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.159Brook Flowing Through a Spring Wood, 1918
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.159Christ And Child
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.879Hunting Birds at Night
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.819Nighthawks 1942
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr3.279The artist’s Studio
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr4.179The Assault 1898
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.819The Gulf Stream 1899
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.249The Star
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.049A Woman in the Sun
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.939Man with a Hoe
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.989Right and Left 1909
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.169River through the Woods 1905
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.249The Ballet Class 1874
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.179The Invasion 1892
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.729The Resurrection
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.349The Sleepers 1866
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr3.599Forest landscape 1908
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.139Fox Hunt 1893
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.309Morning Sun
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.889Suffer The Children
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.269The Ballet Class
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.269The Sheepfold, Moonlight
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.829The Wave 1869
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.939Youth (1893)
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.999Automat
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.779Christ On The Cross
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.189Harvestors Resting
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr3.589Les Demoiselles Des Bords De La Seine 1856
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.879Spring Forest
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.069The Dancing Class 1872
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.749The Herring Net 1895
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.269Whisperings of Love 1889
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.919A chestnut tree by a pond in autumn 1889
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.919Ballet Studio at the Opera in Rue Le Peletier 1872
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.779Blessures d’amour 1897
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr4.139Jesus Tempted
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.959Morning in the City
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.799The Desperate Man 1843
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.759The Life Line, 1884
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.129The Sower
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.909A stream running through a forest in springtime 1894
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.969Peasant Spreading Manure
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr3.079Soir Bleu 1914
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr3.869The Birth of Venus (1879)
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.679The Doubting Thomas
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr4.429The Fog Warning 1885
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.159The Rehearsal 1874
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.819The Wheat Sifters 1854
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.749A stream running through a forest on a sunny springtime day 1897
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.129Christ In Gethsemane
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.399L’Amour et Psych (1899)
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.489Potato Planters
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.909The Rehearsal Onstage 1874
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.749Two Comedians
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr3.229Undertow 1886
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr4.049Young Ladies of the Village
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.769Blackwell’s Island
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr3.249Croquet Scene 1866
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.799La Sieste
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.689Spring day with fresh-blown anemones and a bridge over Sæby Å (Stream) 1895
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.069The Potato Harvest
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.949The rapture of Psyche 1895
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.589The Rehearsal of the Ballet Onstage 1874
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.639The Sermon On The Mount
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.229A Game of Croquet 1866
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.719Beech trees at a stream in the woods of Sæbygaard
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.069Cupid’s Secrets 1896
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.149Early Sunday Morning 1930
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr3.169Jesus Casting Out The Money Changers At The Temple
By Carl Heinrich BlochSizes starting at kr3.459La Répétition Au Foyer De La Danse
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.639Louis Gueymard as Robert Le Diable 1857
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.939Noonday Rest
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr3.269Croquet Players, 1865
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.839Dandelions
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.829Fox in the Snow 1860
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.989L’Aurore (Dawn) 1881
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.829