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Realism
Realism in the visual arts is a style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see. The term is used in different senses in art history, it may mean the same as illusionism, the representation of subjects with visual mimesis or verisimilitude, or may mean an emphasis on the actuality of subjects, depicting them without idealization, and not omitting their sordid aspects. Works may be realist in either of these senses, or both. Use of the two senses can be confusing, but depending on context the second sense is perhaps more common.
Realism as a tendency in 19th century art was related to similar movements in the theatre, literature and opera. All emphasized the depiction of everyday subjects, but by no means always discarding classical, Romantic or sentimental approaches to their treatment. The movement began in the 1850s in France. One of Gustave Courbet’s most important works is A Burial at Ornans, 1849-1850, a canvas recording an event which he witnessed in September 1848. Courbet’s painting of the funeral of his grand uncle became the first grand statement of the Realist style.
Realism in the illusionistic sense appears in art as early as 2400 BC in the city of Lothal in what is now India, and examples can be found throughout the history of art – Ancient Egyptian art had rigid and artificial conventions for the depiction of the human figure, but minor figures and animals are often very well-observed, and lifelike. In the broadest sense, realism in a work of art exists wherever something has been well observed and accurately depicted, even if the work as a whole does not strictly conform to the conditions of realism.
The art of ancient Greece made particular progress in developing realistic depictions of both the human figure and its surroundings, in sculpture and painting. In the Late Antique period realism largely ceased to be a priority for artists, and the recovery of the realist tradition is a constant strand in the history of Western medieval art.
For example, the proto-Renaissance painter Giotto di Bondone brought a new realism to the art of painting by rendering physical space and volume far more convincingly than his Gothic predecessors. His paintings, like theirs, represented biblical scenes and the lives of the saints. In the Early Renaissance, the development of a system of linear perspective in Italy, and the inclusion of naturalistic detail in Early Netherlandish painting both contributed to the advance of realism in Western painting in different ways.
In the late 16th century, the prevailing mode in European art was Mannerism, an artificial art of elongated figures in graceful but unlikely poses. Caravaggio emerged to change the direction of art by depicting religious figures as the Italian poor in their natural surroundings, though composed with Baroque energy.
A fondness for humble subjects and homely details characterizes much of Dutch art, and Rembrandt is an outstanding realist in the naturalist sense with his renunciation of the ideal and his embrace of the life around him. In the 19th century a group of French landscape artists known as the Barbizon School emphasized close observation of nature, paving the way for the Impressionists.
In England the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood rejected what they saw as the formulaic idealism of the followers of Raphael, which led some of them to an art of intense illusionistic, and sometimes naturalistic, realism. The final years and aftermath of the First World War saw a return of realism and of styles dating back to before Post-Impressionism, in the so-called ”Return to Order” – this became known as ”Neo-Realism” or ”Modern Realism” in England (led by Meredith Frampton, Charles Ginner, Harold Gilman and the Euston Road School), traditionisme in France (led by Andre Derain) and ”Neue Sachlichkeit” (led by Otto Dix and Christian Schad) and ”Magic Realism” in Germany.
Trompe l’oeil (literally, ”fool the eye”), a technique which creates the illusion that the objects depicted actually exist, is an extreme example of artistic realism. Examples of this tendency can be found in art from antiquity to the present day
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The Shell Fishermen, 1891
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.039.00Apartment Houses, East River 1930
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr3.029.00Coastal View 1900
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.839.00Oedipus Taken Down from the Tree 1847
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr3.429.00Portrait of Helena de Kay 1872
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.959.00The Orchestra at the Opera 1870
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.129.00The Sailboat (Seascape) 1869
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.509.00Woman with Seashell 1885
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.139.00Fishing Boats On the Deauville Beach
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.679.00Forest pond with cattails and ducks flying, 1899
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.839.00Girl reading on a stone porch 1872
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.879.00Manhattan Bridge Loop
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.999.00Morning Toilette
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.869.00Seated Nude 1884
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr2.879.00The Ballet from ”Robert Le Diable” 1876
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.969.00A temperance meeting 1874
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.149.00In the woods in the early spring, near Sorø 1903
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.099.00Linnocence 1893
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.599.00Manhattan Bridge
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.729.00Peasant Family
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr3.169.00Rocky Coast
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.649.00The Ballet from Robert Le Diable 1871
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.129.00Apple Picking 1878
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.749.00Dancers
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.839.00Landscape with a fishing boy 1910
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.809.00Le Sommeil
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.089.00Rooftops 1926
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.859.00Seascape 1865
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.619.00Shepherd and Flock at the Edge of the Forest, Evening
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.539.00Below Zero 1894
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.539.00Deux Danseuses Au Foyer 1898
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.709.00Diana Resting 1845
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.839.00From Williamsburg Bridge
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.809.00Le Sommeil
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.209.00Stream in a forest by autumn 1908
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.869.00View of a Rough Sea Near a Cliff 1873
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.649.00Danseuse à La Barre 1885
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.009.00Saddle Horse in Farm Yard
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.559.00The Bunch of Grapes
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.099.00The Sower 1865
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.839.00View from Ørholm with the swallows flying low 1894
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.899.00View of the Normandy Coast
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.569.00Washington Square
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.749.00Before the Performance 1896
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.949.00Gargoyles at Notre Dame, 1867
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.749.00Høsterkøb 1938
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.869.00Le Lever
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.099.00The Beach at Saint-Aubin-Sur-Mer 1867
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.569.00The Circle Theatre
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.679.00The Sower 1
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.879.00A girl on a small jetty near Hellebæk, 1892
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.719.00Ballet Scene 1907
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.039.00Blackwell’s Island 1911
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.509.00Le Petit Câlin
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.289.00Les Dunes De Deauville
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.649.00Marine 1881
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.699.00Théodore Rousseau’s House In Barbizon
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.559.00A mountain gorge, Meran, South Tyrol, 1913
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.099.00Deux Danseuses Assises 1896
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr3.139.00Étretat- Les Falaises
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.559.00Le Grand Frère
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.619.00Le Réveil (Réduction)
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.129.00Mink Pond, 1891
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.749.00Stairway at 48 Rue De Lille, Paris 1906
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.749.00A boy resting in the heath covered hills near Himmelbjerget 1926
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.069.00A Group of Dancers 1890
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.909.00Les Oranges
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.209.00Stairway
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.699.00The Chestnut tree, 1878
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr2.749.00The Etretat Cliffs after the Storm 1870
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.559.00Woman Hanging Laundry 1858
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.809.00Artist’s Bedroom, Nyack
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.729.00Boys in a Pasture 1874
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.119.00Ducks by a pond, 1937
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.779.00Maternal Admiration (1869)
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.099.00The Cliff at Étretat
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.569.00Three Dancers in Red Costume 1896
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.749.00Vineyard Labourer Resting
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.779.00An elegant woman in a red dress sitting at a coffee table in the garden embroidering 1890
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.759.00End of the Hamlet of Gruchy
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.599.00Premières Caresses (Premier Réduction)
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.399.00Sparrow Hall
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.459.00The Cliffs at Etretat 1869
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.559.00The El Station 1908
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.749.00Two Dancers 1898
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.549.00By a Lake in Fredensborg, 1926
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr2.839.00East Hampton Beach, Long Island, 1874
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr4.219.00Falaises D’étretat
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.559.00Le Puy De Dôme
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.599.00Railroad Train 1908
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.459.00Sainte Famille (Réduction)
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr2.989.00Two Dancers 1898
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.649.00Beach in Normandy
By Gustave CourbetSizes starting at kr2.809.00Farmstead by a river 1904
By Peder Mørk MønstedSizes starting at kr3.069.00Tennis Players
By Edward HopperSizes starting at kr2.459.00The Church at Chailly
By Francois MilletSizes starting at kr2.599.00The sand dune 1872
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.049.00The Younger Brother
By William-Adolphe BouguereauSizes starting at kr3.399.00Two Dancers in the Studio 1901
By Edgar DegasSizes starting at kr2.809.00A Clam-Bake 1873
By Winslow HomerSizes starting at kr3.699.00